Ketamin
Rettungsdienste verwenden Ketamin als Schmerzmittel – als Narkosemittel kommt es hingegen kaum noch zum Einsatz. Denn die Substanz kann Nebenwirkungen wie zum Beispiel Halluzinationen hervorrufen. Als Partydroge ist Ketamin auf dem Schwarzmarkt aber umso beliebter. Der Wirkstoff kann dabei zu Bewusstseinszuständen führen, die Nahtoderlebnissen ähneln.
Als Arzneimittel gibt es Ketamin meist in Form einer Lösung. Auf dem Schwarzmarkt ist auch “Special K” oder “K” als Pulver im Umlauf. Der Wirkstoff wird synthetisch hergestellt – auch in illegalen Labors.
Das Gefühl, den Körper zu verlassen, kann Panik auslösen
Ursprünglich schalteten Anästhesisten mit dem Narkosemittel das Bewusstsein ihrer Patienten aus. Wichtige Schutzreflexe des Körpers blieben dabei weitgehend erhalten, zum Beispiel die Atmung und Kreislauffunktionen. Wegen seiner Nebenwirkungen verwenden Ärzte Ketamin heute nur noch selten zur Narkose. In der Notfallmedizin kommt es nach wie vor öfters zum Einsatz, denn Ketamin stillt Schmerzen, erweitert die Bronchien und kann den Kreislauf stabilisieren.
Wenn Konsumenten Ketamin als Rauschmittel missbrauchen, schnupfen sie meist ein weißes Pulver. Die Wirkung hält dann ein bis zwei Stunden an. Wird die Lösung injiziert, wirkt es nur für fünf bis zehn Minuten. In niedriger Dosierung kann die Substanz Halluzinationen hervorrufen. Höhere Dosen können zu Zuständen der Ichlosigkeit führen, die aber oft mit Panik einhergehen. Weitere Nebenwirkungen sind:
- erhöhter Blutdruck und Puls
- Verwirrtheit
- Übelkeit und Erbrechen
- Schwindel
- wahnhafte Vorstellungen
Ketamin kann psychisch abhängig machen. Wer dauerhaft konsumiert, riskiert Schäden des Kurzzeitgedächtnisses und des episodischen Gedächtnisses. Regelmäßiger Konsum kann außerdem das zentrale Nervensystem schädigen.
Unter Drogeneinfluss kommt es oft zu Unfällen, da der Wirkstoff die Bewegungsfähigkeit und die Wahrnehmung einschränken kann. Bei regelmäßigem Konsum können auch Schäden des Harntrakts auftreten, die zum Beispiel zu Inkontinenz führen können. Zudem kann langfristiger Ketaminkonsum die Nierenfunktion beeinträchtigen.
Die Droge fällt in Deutschland nicht unter das Betäubungsmittelgesetz. Doch wer die Substanz ohne Rezept illegal erwirbt, macht sich strafbar.
Ketamin als Antidepressivum
Neueste Studien deuten auf eine antidepressive Wirkung von chemisch aufbereitetem Ketamin hin. Nasensprays mit dem Wirkstoff Esketamin sind in Deutschland und den USA als Mittel gegen akute therapieresistente Depressionen zugelassen. Der Wirkmechanismus wird noch weiter erforscht. Die Sprays werden meist mit anderen Antidepressiva kombiniert, da die Langzeitwirkung noch nicht ausreichend dokumentiert ist.
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